Arab countries : ​ค้นหาหนังสือธรรมะ

About the Authors MARINA OTTAWAY is a senior associate in the Democracy and Rule of Law Program and director of the Carnegie Middle East Program. Her most recent book, Beyond the Façade: Political Re

This section highlights the contributions of key authors associated with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Marina Ottaway, a senior associate, leads the Democracy and Rule of Law Program

REALTIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 21 otherwise unwelcome consequences..... And another message should be equally clear: leaders who abandon the pursuit of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, and

This text discusses the complexities and challenges in the New Middle East, particularly regarding nuclear ambitions of countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and the decline of the U.S. freedom agend

…s would be an extremely positive development for the United States, and, of course, for citizens of Arab countries. In the short run, the path to democratic transformation may well complicate rather than facilitate…

This text discusses the need for a nuanced U.S. policy toward Syria, recognizing its limited ambitions while encouraging a shift away from its spoiler role in Lebanon and alignment with Iran. It furth

…m the bottom up by stimulating secular opposition parties and a lively civil society. Although most Arab countries allow a degree of pluralism in the political system and some space for the opposition, the main ben…

In a speech in Cairo in June 2005, Rice underscored U.S. democratic reform measures. The U.S. reacted to Egypt's governance by canceling a free-trade agreement due to human rights concerns. While some

…store that balance through its own presence in Iraq and by trying to form an anti-Iranian alliance. Arab countries, especially those around the Gulf, have been searching for alternative policies combining containme…

The text discusses the challenges of integrating Hamas while managing its actions against Israel. It stresses the importance of regional pressures and U.S. support for a unified Palestinian government

With his kindness for Thai people in foreign countries and foreigners to be able to learn Buddhism and practise meditation, Luang Phaw Dhammajayo decided to choose suitable people, monks, upasaka and

Luang Phaw Dhammajayo has shown immense kindness towards the Thai community abroad and foreigners interested in Buddhism and meditation. By selecting suitable individuals with language skills, he faci

…ent of the freedom agenda brought into the open the extent to which the political situation in most Arab countries makes quick transitions to democracy in the region impossible. Even if the United States managed to…

The text discusses the complexities faced in promoting democracy in Arab nations, highlighting the influence of incumbent regimes resistant to political reform. It notes that, despite potential allies

… Islamists. Almost by default, Islamist parties have emerged as the core of the opposition in most Arab countries. Paradoxically, the possibility of democratic reform now depends to a great extent on Islamist part…

In Arab societies, secular opposition has struggled against longstanding authoritarian regimes that repress liberal ideologies, while conservative social attitudes limit their political expression. A

Notes 1. See International Crisis Group report, Dealing With Iran’s Nuclear Program, November 2004. 2. See http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=texttrans-english&y=2007&m=April&x=200704181

This text discusses various reports and publications relevant to the geopolitical issues in the Middle East, with a specific focus on Iran's nuclear program, negotiations involving al-Qaddafi, and the

…ion and the diplomatic activity is an effort to contain it. There are many indications as well that Arab countries are seeking their own ways of dealing with Iran. President Ahmadinejad in December 2007 was invited…

This text discusses the changing power dynamics in the Middle East, particularly the region's responses to Iranian influence and the evolving role of the U.S. Historically reliant on American support,

…proliferation, which is most acute in relation to Iran but goes beyond it, with a growing number of Arab countries talking of developing a nuclear capacity. The second is the dilemma posed for the United States by …

The U.S. faces significant challenges in the Middle East with three clusters of countries: Iran-Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The ongoing tensions with Iran, alongside U.S

…trategy for Iran. The third reality is that there is a great deal of discontent among Shi’a in many Arab countries, because they are faced with deep-seated institutional discrimination and tend to have a lower stan…

This text analyzes the socio-political dynamics affecting Shi’a Muslims in the Middle East, highlighting their status in various countries, including Iran, Iraq, and Bahrain. While Hizbollah has estab

Although Iran is a center around which Shi’i resentment could coalesce, two factors reduce the likelihood that the Tehran regime will encourage such a development. One is that Iran aspires to be the c

The complexities of Iran's relationship with Sunni states underscore the ongoing challenges in Middle Eastern diplomacy. Iran seeks to be a leader in the region, supporting not only Shiite factions bu

tember 2007 Israeli bombing of what Israelis claim was a suspicious facility in Syria. But the issue of Israel’s nuclear weapons is perennially off the table. The United States, along with most other

This text discusses the complex dynamics of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, particularly focusing on Israel's alleged nuclear capabilities and Iran's nuclear program. It highlights the risks

38 THE NEW MIDDLE EAST must be clearly defined; in the Middle East, the concept of democracy promotion has fluctuated from aggressive rhetoric of regime overthrow at one extreme to small, little noti

The text discusses the fluctuating concept of democracy promotion in the Middle East, highlighting the confusion between promoting democracy and regime overthrow. It emphasizes the need for the U.S. t

The Reality of the New Middle East The first step toward the formulation of a new policy is to understand the realities of the new Middle East as it is now. The three clusters of countries — Iran–Ira

The new Middle East is defined by three country clusters: Iran–Iraq, Lebanon–Syria, and Palestine–Israel, intertwined with issues such as nuclear proliferation and sectarianism. The U.S. faces not jus

22 THE NEW MIDDLE EAST few, limited in scope, carried out only when allowed by incumbent regimes, and dropped quickly when governments objected. After September 11, President Bush openly repudiated th

This text discusses the shift in U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East following the September 11 attacks. President Bush's declaration of aligning American values of freedom and security contrasted

A Changed Region After September 11, 2001, the Bush administration launched an ambitious policy to forge a new Middle East, with intervention in Iraq as the driver of the transformation. "The establi

This analysis reflects on the changes in the Middle East following the events of September 11, 2001, highlighting the ambitious policies of the Bush administration aimed at establishing democracy and

…mpt again to internationalize the problem of Iraq. The United Nations has reopened its offices, and Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia, have expressed an interest in reopening embassies in Baghdad. In general, …

This text discusses the necessity for strategic dialogue between the U.S. and Iran, emphasizing the importance of Iran's willingness to modify its policies. It asserts that the U.S. should provide Ira

Palestinian legislative elections to proceed credibly — but then led to an immediate American effort to overturn the result through any possible means. The Bush administration’s short attention span f

The text discusses the complications surrounding the Palestinian legislative elections and the subsequent U.S. effort to undermine the democratic outcome, particularly emphasizing the Bush administrat